In the novel of Mice and Men show how Steinbeck represents the theme of loneliness Essay Example for Free

In the novel of Mice and Men show how Steinbeck represents the theme of l mavenliness EssayThe name of the author of this novel is John Steinbeck. He wrote this novel in 1936 and it was published in 1937. The novel is set in a ranch, which is near the town of Soledad, California. Steinbeck got the name for his novel from a poem by Robert Burns c exclusivelyed To a mouse, on turning her up in her nest with the plough. At the eon this novel was written America was in the period of the ample Depression. This meant people could non find m any permanent jobs and so had to travel most the country get a lineing for work. This meant that the workers were some successions away from their families for a long time and had to travel al star just to try make some m angiotensin converting enzymey. This was a in truth bad period in the American history with a towering rate of suicide and many people got bankrupt. Usually the workers would collar in a job for a few weeks after which they would travel to find other job, this meant they did not acquire much time to make friends and so often were very nongregarious. The main characters in of Mice and Men are George and Lennie. The story is based around them and their time at the ranch. Some of the other primal characters are Slim, Curly, Curlys married woman and edulcorate.This novel has many themes in it which include solitude, the dreams of the workers and also apartheid and sexism. Some of the characters who are lonely are Curlys wife and Crooks. These ii are lonely because first of all Crooks is as Black soulfulness and at the time Black people did not pay the same rights as White people. This meant that Crooks had no one to talk to and usually had to spend time by himself. After a while of consumption time completely on his own Crooks infers that he could be going crazy and he really wants some company.I grapple this because in chapter quaternary Crooks is talking to Lennie and he say, I considern things out here. I wasnt drunk. I dont know if I was asleep. If some guy was with me, he could articulate me I was asleep, an then it would be all right. But I just dont know. This shows that Crooks has been on his own for too long, and now he is not eventide sure of what is real and what is not. Crooks does not go by dint of any dreams because he has been at the ranch for a long time and has seen many peoples dreams destroyed.Another person who is lonely is dulcorates wife. She is lonely because she is a woman and so none of the men really talk to her. as well because she is the only woman on the ranch she has no other women to talk to either. This means she bilks very lonely, besides she does try talk to the men sometimes, but this has a bad affect. This is because the men think she is some type of whore or a slut who is arduous to manipulate or use them in some way. This is unfair on Curlys wife because they do not know her and all she wants is some company.Also Curlys w ife is from the city and so does not know how to do the ranch work and so she usually has to stay in the house on her own. sugarcoat does not like Curlys wife because he thinks she is a tart. The ranch in the novel is near a town called Soledad, however because there are no buildings or people very close to the ranch itself, people inside only have each other to talk to and because Curlys wife is the only female she has no one to talk to and so feels isolated. This is also the case for Crooks because he is the only Black person on the ranch.In the novel, George is a migratory worker who has been traveling around America doing odd jobs with his fellow companion Lennie. George is a small man with small strong hands, dark face and sharp restless eyes. From his definition I can see that George is a clever and careful character. Lennie on the other hand is a big man with large pale eyes, and slanting shoulders. His movement had a bear like quality and the way he is described in the novel makes him sound like an animal. George and Lennie travel together because they are friends and have known each other a long time. Also it would be better then traveling alone, because they would have no other companions and so would be lonely.At the start of the novel George and Lennie are in a natural clearing a few miles away from the ranch. They have not got any money because they had to buy bus tickets and had to flee the last town because Lennie got into trouble.George and Lennie have a good friendship but at times it seems that it is a consanguinity between and father and son. George seems to take the roll of the father and Lennie the son. Even though George complains about Lennie and says that he would be much better off without Lennie, he soundless needs Lennie for companionship. I know this because in chapter one George says, God a mighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. I could go get a job a job an work, an no trouble. This shows that George sometimes does wi sh he is alone because Lennie is sometimes just too much trouble and he thinks that if he didnt have to look after Lennie then he wouldnt have all this money trouble. Although, even though he sometimes wishes that Lennie wasnt around he knows that he couldnt live without him. I know this because when Lennie tells George that he can leave if George wants him to and says he can go live in the hills. George apologizes to Lennie for shouting at him and tells him to stay with him.George and Lennie both share a dream. Their dream is to own a piece of their own land where they can live and feed themselves. This is the American dream. For George and Lennie the dream makes them think they are different to the other workers. George tells Lennie how most workers make some money then spend it all in some brothel or legal profession He then tells Lennie how they are different. He tells him how they have each other and they have a dream that they are working towards. For George and Lennie their dream is very important because it is a way they are getting through life. The dream gives them hope, and that is one human feature that always seems to make people believe that everything will be ok and they will be happy.John Steinbeck shows that their dream is an ideal because it is just too perfect. The dream is about George and Lennie having their own land on which they will have rabbits, a cow and grow vegetables. Also the ways Lennie describes the rabbits shows that it is just a fantasy. He says they will be all different colours, like yellow and green. The readers know that this is impossible and yet they sympathize with Lennie because of his child like innocence.In chapter four George is with the rest of the men at a brothel called Susys. Even though they have gone there to get some relief after the long day they have had, it is quite a hypocritical of George to be going to this brothel because he says that he is not one of the men who just goes there and spends all his mo ney. Although we are not told if he does spend any money there it is quite likely he does spend some. This means he is being a hypocrite.In chapter four Lennie goes into Crooks room without being invited. In this chapter Lennie is in Crooks control and when Crooks starts give tongue to Lennie that George has left him and wont come back Lennie believes him and then gets angry. Crooks calms him down because Lennie can be very dangerous when he gets angry or upset. After a while Candy comes in and he and Lennie start say Crooks about their dream and how it will come true. Even though George told them not to tell anyone they tell Crooks anyway because he is Black and they think it wont matter if he knows.Candy is an old man who has been at the ranch for a long time. He has been allowed to stay there because his hand was cut off in one of the machines at the ranch. At the ranch he works as a scandalize sweeper. Candy is lonely because he is considered just to be an old man and none of the workers really talk to him that much. He did have a dog which was very important to him because he was his only companion and he had owned the dog since it was a puppy, unfortunately for him the dog became too old and so had to be shot. Also it hurt him to a greater extent because he was not able to shoot him and the dog was shot by someone else.Crooks is lonely because he is a Black person and on the ranch he is the only one. They do not let him stay in the barn with the rest of the workers and so he has no one to talk to. He only has his books and they are very important to him because they are a form of companionship. Crooks and Candy are both lonely because they have no one who they can really talk with and make friends with. In chapter four they have been left behind while the rest go to Susys cathouse because Candy is considered to be too old and Crooks is Black and so cannot go into many places.Candy gets involved in George and Lennies dream because after his dog gets sh ot, Candy everywhere hears George and Lennie talking about it and asks them if he could be apart of it. He says he is willing to pay and pays much more ten both George and Lennie combined. This dream gives Candy new hope and therefore feels livelier. When Crooks first hears about the dream he is quite critical about it but the further he hears about it the more convinced he becomes. However he has seen too many peoples dreams broken and so he says he does not want to be apart of it. Steinbeck shows that without dreams people have no hope and without hope life seems to be worthless. He shows that people need dreams, however farfetched they are, so that they feel they have goals and something to look forward to.Crooks has a more realistic attitude towards dreams, he says in chapter four that dreams get destroyed and it ruins people lives. I can show this because he says, an every damn one of ems got a little piece of land in his head. An never a god-damn one of em ever gets it. This is proof that Crooks is more realistic and he knows how the world works. He knows that people never seem to make their dreams come true.Curlys wife is quite young and beautiful. She is lonely because she has no one to talk to. She married Curly because she was upset with her mother and so does not really love Curly. She is a trophy wife for Curly. In chapter four she is the one in charge of all the misfits. She knows this and so she behaves quite badly and is mean to Crooks. When Crooks tells her to get out she tells him to be quiet or she will get him hanged. She tells him that all she has to do is scream rape and he will be hanged. This shows that Curlys wife also has an evil side. In this novel Steinbeck is sexist to women. He does not even give Curlys wife a name, and makes her look like a tart. Also most of the other characters think she is a bad woman, George gives her names such as jail-bait and tart.Curlys wife also has a dream. Her dream is to become a star and become rich and famous. She is quite gullible, we know this because she tells Lennie about a man telling her he would take her to Hollywood and make her a star, but in reality he just wanted her.Curlys wifes loneliness leads to her to own cobblers last because she is so desperate to talk to someone she starts to talk to Lennie. Lennie has a childlike mind and so does not really understand her and they both talk about two different things, but for Curlys wife just being with someone is good enough. She then lets him stroke her hair and when Lennie does not let go, she starts screaming, this makes Lennie confused and frightened and so he suffocates her.The writer has shown loneliness in this novel through the actions the characters take and the things they say. Some of the similarities between the lonely characters are that, that both Crooks and Candy are interact differently. This leads to them wanting to get involved in George and Lennies dream. Also Curlys wife is similar to these two chara cters because she is a woman, but between the three characters she is the most powerful one. Lennie and Candy are similar because they are both coping with life through their dreams. The writer is saying that loneliness is a curse itself and people react in different ways to it. He is trying to say that humans cannot survive when they are lonely and sometimes can go crazy.The novel of Mice and Men is a tragedy and the writer shows that George and Lennies friendship is doomed from the start. He shows that even though they need each other they will never be successful with their dream. With Lennies death the dream is over for both George and Candy. Without Lennie George will have no companionship and so he will be the same as the rest of the migrant workers. George shot Lennie because even though Lennie did not realize it, he had committed a crime and taken a persons life.George knew that Lennie had gone too far this time and knew that he had no other choice. Also he did not want the others to find him because they would have made him suffer and George would not have been able to see that happen. I think that in some ways he did do the right thing because if he let the others find Lennie they would have put him through trials and tortured him, however maybe he should have let the justice system deal with the case instead of taking matters into his own hands.The theme of loneliness in this novel is a very good reflection of the social and economic settings of the 1930s. I think this because many of the issues it covers are typical of the 1930s, such as racism and sexism.

Determining the Rate of Osmosis with Water and Sucrose Essay Example for Free

Determining the Rate of Osmosis with Water and sucrose EssayDetermining the Rate of Osmosis with Water and Sucrose 10/3/2012 Determining the Rate of Osmosis with Water and Sucrose Author Results Bag 1 had a rate of osmosis equal to 0. 01 grams per minute. Bag 2 had a rate of osmosis equal to 0. 0543 grams per minute. Bag 3 had a rate of osmosis equal to 0. 0471 grams per minute. Bag 4 had a rate of osmosis equal to 0. 0886 grams per minute. Bag 5 had a rate of osmosis equal to -0. 0914 grams per minute (Figure A). Figure A Shifting of mass in grams for each dialysis nucleotide was measured every 5 minutes for 30 minutes. Data fol low-toneds expectations of hypothesis on the basis that H2O will move from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Also, the rate of which it would move depending on concentration. The higher(prenominal) the concentration of sucrose inside of the dialysis bag, the faster the rate of weewee will travel into the bag.The rate of osmosis incr eases as the concentration of sucrose inside the bag is higher. Correspondingly, with bag 5, the water inside the dialysis bag would travel once again to a place of lower water concentration, the sucrose in the beaker. This is so because sucrose has a low concentration of water. Therefore, the water will travel from high to low concentration. The sucrose in bags 2, 3, and 4 are hypertonic to the water inside the beaker. Adversely, the water inside the beaker is hypotonic to the sucrose inside the bag.Another instance to this would be swimming in the ocean (salt water) where the oceans water is hypertonic (lower water concentration) and the human body is hypotonic (higher water concentration), causing the water inside the human body to move from its high concentration to the oceans low concentration. Bag 1 represents an isotonic solution, where the water concentration inside the bag is close or equal to the concentration of water outside the bag. Another example of isotonic is 0. 9% NaCl, an I. V. olution, is isotonic to humans. This study interprets the importance of osmosis in daily biology as it can be detrimental to living cells and simultaneously profitable. For instance, plants charter to be hypertonic to their hypotonic surroundings. If the solution outside the membrane has a lower concentration of solutes than the interior has, water will move into the vesicle via osmosis (Freeman p. g 91). Water travels into their cells, causing their cell to swell so that their stems may stand up straight.

Effects of Depression on Brain Function

Effects of mental picture on Brain FunctionDepressionThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, quaternary edition (DSM-IV) diagnose children and youthfuls with major embossment with signs that include loss of interest and sadness for two weeks straight. Psychologists usually provide overly look for at to the lowest degree five much symptoms on top of the other two symptoms. These include changes in sleeping or eating habits (weight and energy), psychomotor agitation or retardation, feelings of clumsiness and guilt, trouble thinking or paying attention, recurrent thoughts of death, or suicidal ideation and attempts (Bujoreanu, Benhayon, and Szigethy, 2011, p. 548). This paper will centre on comparison of normal brain overhaul and the brain function of an individual with slump, negative effectuate of daily functioning living with depression, assessments that argon used for diagnoses and treatment, and appropriate treatment options and coping mechanism fo r individuals with depression. equality between Normal Brain Function and Depressed Brain FunctionNeuropsychological research has stagen that emotion is controlled by the right cerebrum which means that the right-posterior region of the cerebrum is specialize for the perception of emotional information, regardless of valence (Shenal, Harrison, Demaree, 2003, p. 34). In normal brain functioning, the right cerebrum also controls arousal and attention. Other research has shown that thither is a counterbalance of positive and negative emotions between the left and right cerebrum. The left cerebrum processes positive emotions while the right cerebrum processes negative emotions (Shenal et al., 2003).EEG asymmetries cook been examined with individuals that have depression and have found thither is an increased activation in the right-frontal lobe that is relative to left-hemisphere activation (Shenal et al., 2003). Other studies have shown individuals with depression have contrary h emisphere activation by increased right-hemisphere activation or decreased left-hemisphere activation. Individuals with depression from left-frontal dysfunction will have problems planning and arranging information. Depression from right-frontal dysfunction may have stricken nonverbal fluency.Negative Effects of Daily Functioning Living with DepressionMajor depression spate have a big effect on children or childlikes ability to function on a day to day manner. There are a lot of negative effects to depression that are meaning(a) to recognize right away for encourage. Some of the effects of depression include change of eating habits, change in sleeping habits (sleeping too much, not sleeping very much), irritability, social withdrawal, trouble paying attention, and feelings of sadness (Bujoreanu et al., 2011, p. 548). If depression is not treated, this butt lead to family dysfunction, academic impairment, and psychosocial difficulties (Bujoreanu et al., 2011, p. 548). There is also the chance that the depression poop continue into adulthood if the family is not aware or informed of the symptoms the child is displaying.Assessments that are Used for Diagnoses and TreatmentNeuropsychologists are this instant starting to find new shipway to accurately diagnose depression in individuals as well as finding emerge if depression treatments are actually availing individuals with the bother. Depression is now being diagnosed by a line of credit test and neuroimaging (fMRI) is being used to examine neural circuitry in adolescents with depression.The assembly line test is a new technique to psychiatry that was approved in 2011. This diagnostic tool is one way to find out if an individual has major depressive disorder without the aesculapian professional being biased or not able to get a lot of information from the individual. The diagnostic tool looks at the levels of ethanolamine phosphate in the patients blood to give an indication that the patient has th e disorder. Studies have shown that people with depression have low levels of ethanolamine phosphate (Verma, Kaur, David, 2012). At this point, the blood test is very expensive or is slow to get the results back to see if an individual has depression.Neuropsychologists as well as health physicians cigaret use this assessment as the first step in determining if the patient has major depressive disorder. Once the blood tests indicate the disorder, the neuropsychologist and health professional can refer the patient to a medical professional that specializes in depression. The blood test can be used to help the medical professionals in make a diagnosis and to find the best treatment for the patient (Verma et al., 2012).The second assessment that is being used by neuropsychologist for depression is neuroimaging (fMRI). One employment in particular used an fMRI to compare adolescents with depression and healthy adolescents on neural responses to fearful facial expressions to begin wi th treatment (Cullen, 2012, p. 348). The study was repeated once more after eight weeks with the depressed adolescents on fluxetine (antidepressant). Research showed that adolescents with depression increase the activation in the amygdala looking at fearful faces (Cullen, 2012). After the treatment, there was no difference between adolescents with depression and healthy adolescents.This study has opened new doors to further study other depression treatments. The fMRI was able to show the difference the fluxetine had on the brain to help adolescents with negative effectives that interfere with daily living. The next steps would need to look at what can affect before and after treatment findings. Some of these include age at assessment, illness status, treatment history, and type of treatment (Cullen, 2012, p. 350). When these effects are looked at with more research, this will bring clinical advancements to the neuropsychological field.Appropriate Treatment OptionsWhen it comes to ap propriate treatment options for children and adolescents with depression, there are two different kinds that have been the to the mellowest degree effective. These two different kinds of treatments are psycho remedial treatments and psychopharmacological treatments. The psychotherapeutic treatments are therapy treatments to work with children and adolescents to help them function normally in their daily lives. Evidence-based treatments (EBT) are interventions or techniques that have produced therapeutic change in controlled trials (Bujoreanu et al., 2011, p. 549). Common evidence-based treatments used with depressed children and adolescents include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy-adolescent (IPT-A).Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been found out to be the most effective psychotherapeutic treatment with children and adolescents with depression. Aaron Beck created cognitive-behavioral therapy and pore on how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are inter-r elated and individuals can make positive changes in how someone feels by changing what they do or think (Bujoreanu et al., 2011, p. 549). Children and adolescents work with a healer to learn new skills and explore different ideas that are discussed during sessions.Interpersonal Therapy-Adolescent (IPT-A) is a treatment that does takes place for a short period of time. The therapy focuses on the clients depressive symptoms and the interpersonal stage setting in which they occur (Bujoreanu et al., 2011, p. 550). To help with the depressive symptoms when they occur, the therapist helps the child or adolescent learn problem-solving and communication skills.Psychopharmacological treatments involve the medications that are appropriate for children and adolescents with depression. These include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine-dopamine reupatake inhibitor (NDRI), and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). SSRIs are the most common and first kin d of drugs that will be used to treat child and adolescent depression. fluoxetine hydrocholoride and escitalopram are FDA approved for children with depression, but there are also other medications that are not intended for depression that have been successful (Bujoreanu et al., 2011). When picking an SSRI, it is important to look at family history and how the drug affects the child or adolescent.When SSRIs do not work with the children and adolescents, there are other drugs that can be taken into consideration. Adolescents that have depression with bupropion would use a NDRI to help with the symptoms. Another drug category that can help with depression is SNRIs that include winning duloxetine and venlafaxine that are sedating. When one kind of treatment does not fully treat the patient, combined therapy of medication and therapy are used. Therapy is usually the first step taken in treatment before medication is considered.Alternative TreatmentsThere are a lot of adolescents that a re experiencing depression symptoms that are not able to receive the measuring stick treatments. This can be from the adolescents family not having insurance or the families insurance does not cover certain treatment options. These alternative treatments that could help these individuals with depression include interpersonal therapy and attachment-based family therapy, the artistically creative approaches, and existential therapy (McGlasson, 2012).The interpersonal therapy focuses on the different relationships that are in the adolescents life. If there is not a healthy relationship, this can lead to depression. This therapy focuses on personal issues that cause the different relationships to not be healthy and finds skills the adolescent can work on to make better those relationships. The attachment-based family therapy is where the family, the adolescent, and a trained counselor work together to build a healthy relationship. This also includes skills that that will be learned in sessions that will help in the long run (McGlasson, 2012).The artistically creative approaches include art therapy and music to help adolescents express themselves in a creative way. Art therapy allows the juvenility to communicate on a deeper level than just talking astir(predicate) the issues with a counselor. This form of therapy might feel less threatening to the adolescent and a way they can control (McGlasson, 2012). Music is something that adolescents are familiar with and feel safe with being used in therapy. Music lowers stress and can help the therapist in understanding different inclinations that the client is experiencing (McGlasson, 2012, p. 19).Existential therapy has four themes to the treatment. These themes are the uniqueness and freedom of the individual, the recognition of suffering as part of the pitying experience, an emphasis on the here-and-now to discover ones meaning and identity, and a commitment to discover and develop ones talent (McGlasson, 2012, p. 19). The themes all focus on the individual and how he or she is becoming. Therapists would focus on existential concerns that go on in the adolescents life and find ways to explore the issues.Coping Mechanism for Individuals with DepressionThere are healthy and unwholesome coping strategies that children and adolescents do to deal with depression. The healthy and unhealthy coping strategies some(prenominal) involve the same three core categories (emotion-focused coping, problem-focused coping, and avoidant coping). It all depends on what the children and adolescents have picked up from others and what they have learned on their own to determine if it is healthy or unhealthy.Unhealthy coping strategies usually fall under the emotion-focused coping and avoidant coping. Emotion-focused coping is any response aimed at reducing or managing the negative feelings that arise in response to the threat or loss (Hayat, 2013, p. 153). Research has shown that common emotion-focused coping st rategies that can develop depression and suicidal ideation more are self doom and emotional support (Horwitz, Hill, King, 2011).Avoidant coping involves a strategy that avoids the depression symptoms and suicidal ideation. Common avoidant coping strategies that are unhealthy and can develop the disorder more are behavioral disengagement and denial (Horwitz et al., 2011). Avoidant coping is usually avoided when learning new strategies that can help with depression.When children and adolescents learn healthy ways to cope with depression, most of the strategies fall under the category problem-focused coping. This category of coping strategies is defined as attempting to deal constructively with the stressor or circumstances itself (Hayat, 2013, p. 153). A medical professional can help the child or adolescent learn active coping strategies, plan different coping strategies that fit with the stressor or circumstance, and use instrumental support (Horwitz et al., 2011). For emotion-focu sed coping healthy alternatives would learning wishful thinking and seeking emotional support from family and friends that will not make the individual feel worse about themselves. These coping strategies can be learned by a medical professional that can work with the child or adolescent with depression. While there was only a few coping strategies mentioned, other coping strategies might be used depending on the situation of the individual.Preventive Measures for Individuals at Risk of DepressionIt is important that society is aware of what factors will identify high-risk adolescents for depression. When factors that can lead to depression are understood, steps can be taken to help reduce the risk of the disorder developing. At this point, research has shown that biological, psychological and social risk factors can trigger depression. Newer research has also found that neuroticism (N) (personality trait) is associated with mood disorders that can risk adolescents is developing dep ression (Kuyken, Watkins, Holden, Cook, 2006). High neuroticism individuals will show more mood changes and will need to respond adaptively (Kuyken et al., 2006).Kuykens et al., (2006) study included four different hypotheses to find out what risk factors would determine if adolescents will develop depression. They hypotheses are (1) Adolescents at risk for depression (as indicated by high N) will report greater rumination than adolescents at low risk but lower rumination than currently depressed adolescents, (2) among currently depressed adolescents, sumptuous levels of rumination will be associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, (3) the relationship between N and depressive symptoms will be partially mediated by rumination in cross-sectional analyses, with higher rumination associated with more depressive symptoms, and (4) the effect of rumination on depression will be moderated by gender, being greater for female compared to male adolescents (Kuyken, et al., 2006, p. 42).The results indicated that at risk adolescents for depression have more ruminated than healthy adolescents. At risk adolescents and current depressed adolescents were comparable with high neuroticism personal trait. Adolescents that found out they had depression show rumination was connected to severe depressive symptoms. This study found that rumination and depression symptoms were the same for females and males.ConclusionDepression is a complex disorder that is now fully starting to be understood. Neuropsychologists are able to see what parts of the brain are impaired from the disorder as well as assessments that help to diagnose and treat depression accurately. With this information medical professionals find the best treatment options for the individual and help with coping strategies that are not unhealthy to use. This information has also made it easier to determine if adolescents are at risk of developing the disorder. Determining if adolescents have depression is stil l new, but with more research, medical professionals will hopefully be able to reduce the amount of youth with the disorder.ReferencesBujoreanu, S., Benhayon, D., Szigethy, E. (2011). Treatment of depression in children and adolescents. Pediatric Annals, 40(11), 548. doi10.3928/00904481-20111007-05Cullen, K. R. (2012). Imaging adolescent depression treatment. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(4), 348.Hayat, I. (2013). Stressful life events, depression and coping strategies. Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 1(2), 148.Horwitz, A. G., Hill, R. M., King, C. A. (2011). Specific coping behaviors in relation to adolescent depression and suicidal ideation. Journal of Adolescence, 34(5), 1077-1085. doi10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.10.004Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Holden, E., Cook, W. (2006). Rumination in adolescents at risk for depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96(1), 39-47. doi10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.017McGlasson, T. D. (2012). Listening clearly Alternative treatments fo r adolescent depression. The Prevention Researcher, 19(4), 18.Shenal, B. V., Harrison, D. W., Demaree, H. A. (2003). The neuropsychology of depression A literature review and preliminary model. Neuropsychology Review, 13(1), 33-42. doi10.1023/A1022300622902Verma, R. K., Kaur, S., David, S. R. (2012). An instant diagnosis for depression by blood test. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research JCDR, 6(9), 1612. doi10.7860/JCDR/2012/4758.2579

Should the UK Allow Medical Marijuana?

Should the UK Allow Medical Marijuana?Should Marijuana be De sadised and or Legalised for Health Reasons in the U.K?Research Plan forthwith most young throng lend oneself close to type of medicine, even though they are illegal. check to Gov (2017) ganja is the most car parkly used drug in the last year and has been for over 15 years. Marijuana originates from the fannynabis sativa plant. It comes in a variety of forms such as dried plant leaves, flowers and oils which croup be dirty dogd or eaten. Better Health (2013) state that there is a chemical in toleratenabis called tetrahydro movenabinol (also known as THC) this is marihuanas main mind-altering ingredient, which acts users feel high. THC is a psychoactive substance, which means that it travels in a persons bloodstream to the brain. It disrupts the brains normal functioning and causes certain intoxicating cause. The fastest way to feel the effects of hemp is to inhale the smoke, the effects are usually felt inwa rdly minutes. The immediate sensationsincreased heart rate, lessened coordination and balance and a dreamy, unreal state of mindpeak within the first 30 minutes. These short-term effects usually wear off in two to three hours, but they could last perennial, depending on how much the user consumes and the potency of THC (Drug free world, 2018). According to Addiction (2011), countries such as Finland, Israel and Portugal concur all de criminalised hemp. Portugal, view drug taking as a wellness issue rather than a criminal issue in the country. Instead of arrests, those implant with drugs are sent to health check panels, consisting of a psychologist, social workers and legal advisor for appropriate treatment. Around the world there are a growing number of countries where marihuana use is permitted and regulated for recreational purposes such as Amsterdam, Nevada and Colorado. Also, there is growth with pharmaceutical grade cannabis delinquent to its acceptance for medicinal pr operties. 29 American states including Florida, Michigan and Arizona have legalised marihuana for medical reasons (Gov, 2018). This essay exiting seek and analyse quintareas surrounding marijuana consumption to determine whether it should be decriminalisedand/or legalised for medical reasons. This essay will investigate differentsocietal perspectives who uses it and wherefore they use it. The implications from twain a legal and healthperspective and whether the health benefits outweigh the risks allincorporated into the following questions.Societaland sociological implication of cannabis use Is the actual legislation fair? Whatare the negative effects on health? Whatare the psychological causes of using marijuana? Whatare the benefits?The type of research undertaken will be keyto the validity and accuracy of this document. To achieve this, three types ofresearch will be explained and analysed. The first to be discussed is quantitativeresearch. Quantitative research is factual , knowledge gathered fromstatistics and numbers. For example, how many individuals consume marijuanaregularly. This entropy specifies the actual number of users but does not clarifythe reasons why. Primary research involves gathering newdata that has not been collected before, such as, surveys using questionnairesor interviews with groups of people. Secondary researchinvolves gathering existing data that has already been produced. For example,researching the internet, newspapers and company reports. This essay will engage this method as opposed to primary reserch due to the absence of an ethics panel at thecollege. The research carried out will look at statistics, legitimate websites,journal articles and newspapers these along with further reading will beanalysed and evaluated in an attempt to address the essay question with an transparent viewpoint despite potentially conflicting findings. Project quantifytable January 11-25Decide topic begin researchmeet supervisor to discuss subject matter finalise essay question.February 1-22Continue research analysedata.April 8-23Compile information into essayformat final meeting with supervisor.May 9-14Audit essay form a conclusionevaluate demonstration read and submit essay.The essay will endeavor to contain conflictingpoints to enable the reader to sum up their own conclusion. The informationgathered and utilised will be obtained from esteemed sources, along with themost recent government data and health statistics to ensure reliability andvalidity of the information. Health and safety will also be in mind whilecompleting the essay. Regular breaks will be taken whilst using a computer toavoid the occurrence of visionary side effects and repetitive strain injury. Data will be reported accurately and containreferences throughout to avoid plagiarism. Should Marijuana be Decriminalised and or Legalised for Medical Reasons in the U.K?Official statistics from Gov (2017) doom that in 2016/17, 6.6% (around 2.2 million) of peopleaged 16 to 59 consumed marijuana. This has dropped since measurements began in1996 (when the proportion was 9.4%). Since 2009/10 it has remained essentially durable at between 6 and 7 per cent. Out of the possible 2.2 million users, onemillion of these were 16-24-year olds. In addition to this, 34% of 16-24-yearolds who consume marijuana birdsong to be frequent users. Its use is also moreprevalent among men than women, in the 2017 survey 9% of men admitted to usingmarijuana compared with just 4.2% of women. Lastly, people living in deprivedareas were more likely to be frequent drug users. A larger proportion (4.5%) ofrespondents who lived in deprived areas consumed marijuana ofttimes comparedwith those who lived in the least deprived areas (2.3%). Therefore, youngworking-class boys are the biggest consumers of marijuana. However, officialstatistics need to be treated with caution as they can be mis functioning andmisinterpreted, not everyone who uses marijuana will gi ve admission of theirconsumption. On the other hand, official statistics are useful in determiningthe changing rate of evil in certain areas over a period. In addition to thisthey can also dish to highlight police bias and stereotyping. InteractionistHoward Becker (1963) cited in Hazeldineet al, (2016), attributed thatthe police cross off and target young working-class people as potentially criminaland frequently stop, search and arrest them. Meaning, it is more likely for youngworking-class boys to be found with possession. Sociologists Richard Clowardand Lloyd Ohlin (1961) suggested that adolescents form retreatist subcultures (druggang) because they have failed in the opportunity structure of indian lodge (Haralambos et al, 2013). Although, this is a nave explanation of drugmisuse. Drug misuse is also super acid among successful middle-class professionalsand not just failed criminals or gang members as suggested by Cloward andOhlin. Also, interactionist Albert Cohen (1955) c ited in Giddens and Sutton (2015) claims thatworking-class boys lack opportunities to succeed, largely due to culturaldeprivation. emphasis from status frustration is realised through the creationof a deviant subculture in which the values of society are reversed. Like the interactionists view-point marxistsargue that the exploitation and conquering from the capitalists system leadsto feelings of alienation. Thus, encouraging drug consumption which leads todangerous addictions. However, not everyone suffering alienation from thecapitalist system turns to drugs (Browne et al, 2014). Marijuanahas been classified as a relegate B drug in the UK since 2008 and carriessignificant penalties associated with possession and production including amaximum prison sentence of 14 years (Legislation, 2018). Statistics from Gov (2017) show that in 2016 there were 99,779seizures of cannabis in the U.K. According to Browne et al(2014) marxists argue that illegal drugs help to safeguard classinequal ities by providing excuses for the police to criminalise theworking-class by giving drug convictions whereas, the ruling class are morelikely to be let off with a slap on the wrist. Interactionist Jock Young (1971) cited in Haralambos et al (2013) studied marijuana users in capital of the United Kingdom. Young arguedthat police respond to marijuana users as dirty, scruffy deviants whichconsequently, pushes them into that role. They no longer feel a conventionalpart of society and so become more unconventional as a reaction. Marijuana hasbeen placed in the alike(p) category as the dangerous drug Ketamine. Talk to Frank (2018) writethat Ketamine is a sizeable general anaesthetic and is used for operations onhumans and animals. Ketamine temporarily paralyses the body and gives a out ofbody near death experience which can cause hallucinations and bad trips.Overdose can result in a coma, respiratory failure and death. According to I the Office of internal Statistics(2016) Ketamine was liable for 160 deaths in 2016. Furthermore, in the U.K inebriant comes top ofthe list in the most commonly used recreational drugs. Alcohol is legal and widely available toadults over the age of 18 in the U.K. According to MPP (2018), marijuana is less toxic than alcohol,less addictive, less harmful to the body, and less likely to contribute toviolent or reckless behaviour. Alcohol cogitate car accidents are far morelikely than marijuana related car accidents. In 2015, over 200 people werekilled in a route collision involving a driver over the legal limit (Department of Transport, 2017).Alcohol is also connected to many long-termside effects such as high blood pressure, raised cholesterol, liver disease andcancers. Alarmingly, in 2016 there were 7,327 alcohol specific deaths (Official for National Statistics,2016). Many online articles claim that marijuana cannot and is notresponsible for any deaths due to overdose. However, Dr Robert Gable (2004) ofthe Psychology department of Clermont university, cited in Caulkins,Kilmer and Kleinman (2016), concluded from a review into marijuanathat it may be responsible for two deaths of a direct overdose. While it may befactual that it is extremely rare to die from a marijuana overdose, it is anundeniable fact that nobody dies from a tobacco plant overdose. People do not smokethemselves to death, tobacco causes lung cancer, which is what causes death.So, in that same way marijuana cankillpeople in the form of moral illnesses, suicide and in the form of a caraccident while driving under the influence. In addition, there are alsoproblems with consume marijuana that is sold on the black market. It is oftencontaminated with toxic components which may cause more harm than the substanceitself. Thus, a regulated legal come forward can be contaminant free, pure andtherefore safer as correct dosage can be prescribed. Many argue that legalisation for medicinal purposes could make cannabis more socially acceptable and so en courage use of the substance and other drugs alike which may be more dangerous. However, according to Cerda et al (2015) research has shown that countries which have already legalised marijuana for medical reasons like the US have not seen an upsurge in the numbers of individuals using it. Additionally, the NHS (2017) write that 10% of regular cannabis users become dependent. Despite this, many claim that marijuana does not have addictive properties and that individuals become addicted to the nicotine (which the marijuana is smoked with) and not the marijuana itself. While this may have some truth, withdrawal symptoms such as cravings, difficulty sleeping, mood swings, irritability and restlessness are all common among individuals who consume marijuana regularly making it difficult to quit. Correspondingly, if a person smokes marijuana with tobacco, there is also great risk of contracting tobacco-related diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Although, this criticism has a contr adictive element. Hartney (2018) points out that there are already many highly addictive medications currently being prescribed by doctors in the U.K which have more dangerous side effects than marijuana. One being Tramadol, according to Office for National Statistics (2016) Tramadol was responsible for the lives of 208 people in 2015. However, when consuming marijuana it is common for the user to inhale more smoke and hold it in longer than they would a cigarette, to maximise the effects. Like other addictive drugs, such as heroin and cocaine, individuals can develop a tolerance to marijuana. Therefore, individuals need to consume more and more to get the same effect (Drug Wise, 2017). The mental consequences of marijuana use are equally severe. Marijuana smokers have poorer memories and mental aptitude than do non-users. Baler et al (2014) state that recent studies on young adults who smoke marijuana, found abnormalities in the brain related to emotion, motivation and decision-mak ing. Regular cannabis use from a young age can alsoincrease the risk of ontogenesis psychotic illness, such as schizophrenia. This is because the brain does not stop growing and forming connections until it is 25, and cannabis interferes with this process (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2018). Although, this statement is a tricky one, According to Casarett (2015), a surprise number of people especially men will not seek professional help because they do not like the idea that they require help to manage their issues. This may be another reason why the vast majority of marijuana smokers are men. Some individuals report consuming marijuana helps economise their depression and dread. It could be argued that they turn to marijuana to self-medicate as opposed to admitting to another individual, for example, a doctor that they cannot cope. In other words, individuals may have turned to marijuana to help with their psychological problems in the first place. Thus, the psychological issue s were not created from consuming marijuana. Despite the negative, the harm and benefit of marijuana should depend on patients medical severity situation and needs the addiction of marijuana trades off with the expected length of a patients life. If a situation is terminal, it could be argued that the benefits meaningfully outweigh the risks. According to theBehaviourist Model addictive behaviour is considered as learned. Therefore, the root to smoking marijuana is apsychological one. Albert Banduras (1961) cited in Gross (2015) social learning theorysuggests that children learn social behaviour from observing a model. Childrenare four times more likely to smoke if their parents do (Ash, 2018). Additionally, individuals whosmoke are also more likely to divulge further in recreational drugs such asmarijuana. Some individuals may usemarijuana to gain acceptance. A behaviour explained by psychologist B. F.Skinner (1948), cited in Eysenck (2012), through operant conditioning aperson st arts to smoke to gain the powerful reinforcement of peerapproval. The new smoker associatesthese positive feelings with smoking. Positive reinforces cause production ofdopamine which provide the positive feelings and reward the behaviour. Thus, behaviour which is followed by amiableconsequences is likely to be repeated. Anotherpsychological theory is Ivan Pavlovs (1927) cited in Gross (2015) classical conditioning.Classical conditioning is realised when a specific foreplay causes a specific response. For example, individuals who regularly consumemarijuana to relax and de-stress afterwards work while watching the soaps, willstart to associate relax time in front of the tv as a time to light up a joint.In this case, sitting in front of the television after work and watching thesoaps (specific stimulus), can induce powerful cravings for marijuana (specificresponse) which can lead to relapse behaviours. It has been proven that chemicals found inmarijuana can palliate pain in people l iving with illnesses like multiplesclerosis and arthritis. According to Goldacre (2013), scientific studies of the chemicals in marijuana,called cannabinoids, hasled to two FDA-approved medications that contain cannabinoid chemicals in tabloidform in Canada, USA and some parts of Europe. Marijuana has also been effectiveat relieving some of the highly stressful side effects that emerge fromchemotherapy treatment such as nausea and vomiting (Doweiko, 2015). According to Drug abuse (2017), there isalso evidence to suggest that the marijuana chemical cannabidiol (CBD) cantreat certain conditions such as childhood epilepsy, a disorder that causes achild to have violent seizures. Scientists in the US have been reproducingmarijuana plants and making CBD in oil form for treatment purposes. CBD oil has low levels of the mind-alteringTHC, making it unpopular for recreational use.Nancy and Willard(2014) suggest that marijuana is used in a similar manner to alcohol.Most adults consume marijua na while socialising with friends or to relax afterwork. Some use marijuana for medical benefits, with others consuming marijuanafor therapeutic purposes, such as, help to facilitate with falling asleep andto alleviate arthritis. Some advocates believe that marijuana can relievestress, anxiety and depression. On the contrary, many argue that consumingmarijuana can trigger anxiety and depression. In fact, it is true the THC islinked to feelings of paranoia and anxiety as it activates the amygdala area ofthe brain, which is responsible for fear. However, CBD counteracts suchfeelings from THC. Studies show that taking CBD on its own can lower eveneliminate anxiety (Gould,2015). According to the American crabby person Society (2018), scientists reported that THC and othercannabinoids such as CBD slow growth and/or caused death in certain types ofcancer cells growing in lab dishes. Studies on animals also suggest thatcertain cannabinoids slow growth and reduce the spread of certain for ms ofcancer. Thisessay has investigated various aspects of marijuana consumption why peopleuse it what are the consequences in regard to legislation and health. Manyargue that marijuana has been put on a pedestal and falsely tagged a miracledrug. It is inevitable to say that there has been a lot of scaremongering andwishful thinking concerning marijuana consumption. However, there is not enoughreliable evidence into the extremity of how good or bad marijuana is for oneshealth. Some evidence and findings arevery controversial and contradict one another. For example, the claim thatconsuming marijuana can reduce the risk of certain cancers when it is a well-knownfact that smoking in the first place is responsible for almost all lungcancers. collectible to the low amounts of reliable evidence more independentunbiased research needs to be carried out to fully determine the abilities andside effects of marijuana. In conclusion, establish on the current evidence marijuanashould be dec riminalised in the U.K. individuals who are caught consumingmarijuana and who may have an addiction should be helped and not penalize andlabelled a criminal. Correspondingly, marijuana should be made legal formedicinal purposes as it clearly carries benefits for some people. However, onlyif the benefits outweigh the risks. For example, if the individual has apossible life-threatening illness. Moreover,advances in science, accompanied with further research into the currentmedications already available, (in the US) additional medications can be administered. If the drug is as beneficial as some researchsuggests then science could be bordering major breakthroughs concerningmarijuana, accepting and encouraging use further. Reference ListAddiction (2011). Decriminalizedmarijuana Top 10 countries in the world. online Addictionblog.org. operational at http//addictionblog.org/the-news/decriminalized-marijuana-top-10-countries-in-the-world/(Accessed 21 Apr. 2018).American CancerSociety (20 18). Marijuana and Cancer. online Available at https//www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/complementary-and-alternative-medicine/marijuana-and-cancer.html(Accessed 25 Apr. 2018).ASH (2018). Fact Sheets Archives exploiton Smoking and Health. online Available at http//ash.org.uk/category/information-and-resources/fact-sheets/(Accessed 25 Apr. 2018).Baler, R, D., Compton, W, M. Volkow, N, D.,Weiss, S, R, B. (2014) Adverse HealthEffects on Marijuana use. The New England Journal of Medicine. 6 (4)Available at http//www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1402309 (Accessed 2 Apr. 2018). Better health.(2013). Cannabis (marijuana). online Available athttps//www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/cannabis-marijuana(Accessed 28 Mar. 2018).Browne, K.,Blundell, J., Law, P., Whaley, M. (2014) SociologyCrime and Deviance for A2 AQA. Cambridge Polity PressCasarett, D. (2015) lapidate A Doctors Case for MedicalMarijuana. New York Penguin. Caulkins, J, P.,Kilmer, B., Kleinma n, M. (2016) MarijuanaLegalisation What Everyone Needs to know. 2nd edn. New YorkOxford university Press Cerda, M., Feng, T.,Galea, S., Hasin, D, S., Keyes, K, M., OMalley, P, M., Pacula, R.,Schulenberg, J., Wall, M. (2015) Medical marijuana laws and adolescent marijuana usein the USA from 1991 to 2014 results from annual, repeated cross-sectionalsurveys. online The Lancet Psychiatry.2 (7) Available at http//www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(15)00217-5/abstract(Accessed 23 Apr. 2018)Department ofTransport (2017) National Statistics.Statistical Release. online Available athttps//assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/635345/road-accidents-illegal-alcohol-levels-2015-final.pdf(Accessed 4 April. 2018).Doweiko, H, E. (2015) Concepts of Chemical Dependency. 9th edn. Stanford CengageLearning. Drug abuse (2017). Marijuanaas Medicine. online Available athttps//www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana-medicine ( Accessed28 Mar. 2018).Drug Wise (2017) Promoting Evidenced-based information onDrugs, Alcohol and Tobacco. online available at www.drugwise.org.uk/which-drugs-are-used-most/(Accessed 2 April. 2018).Drug-Free World.(2018). Is Marijuana Medicine? Marijuana Affects Driving. onlineAvailable at https//www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/marijuana/medicine.html(Accessed 28 Mar. 2018).Eysenck, E, M. (2012)AS Level Psychology. 5thedn. East Sussex Psychology PressGiddens, A. Sutton,P, W. (2015) Sociology. 7thedn. Cambridge Polity Press.Goldacre, B. (2013)Bad Phama How Medicine is Broken and HowWe Can Fix It. London Harper Collins. Gould, J. (2015)international journal of science. Cannabis4 Big Questions. 5 (25) online Available athttp//www.nature.com/articles/525S18a (Accessed 25 Apr. 2018)Gov (2017). Drug Misuse Findings from the 2016/17 Crime fall over for England and Wales. Home Office. online Available athttps//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/642738/drug-mi suse-2017-hosb1117.pdf(Accessed 28 Mar. 2018).Gov (2018) Drug Penalties. online Available athttps//www.gov.uk/penalties-drug-possession-dealing (Accessed 16 April. 2018) Gov (2018) Governing the States and Localities. StateMarijuana Laws in 2018. online Available athttp//www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html(Accessed 2 April. 2018). Gross, R. (2015) Psychology the Science of Mind and Behaviour.7th edn. London Hodder Education. Haralambos, M.,Holborn, M., Chapman, S. and Moore, S. (2013) Sociology Themes and Perspectives. 8th edn. LondonCollins Hartney, E (2018) The 10 Most addictive Pain Killers.Available at https//www.verywellmind.com/ten-most-addictive-pain-killers-22506 (Accessed 2 April. 2018). Hazeldine, A.,Purcell, S., Renton, N., Rippin, F., Walker, A. (2016) A-Level Sociology. Newcastle Elanders Ltd. Legislation (2018).Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. online Available athttps//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/contents Accessed 17 Apr. 20 18.MMP (2018). MarijuanaIs Safer Than Alcohol Its prison term To Treat It That Way MPP. online MPP.Available athttps//www.mpp.org/marijuana-is-safer-than-alcohol-its-time-to-treat-it-that-way/(Accessed 18 Apr. 2018).Nancy, E, M.,Willard, M, O. (2014) Drugs in an AmericanSociety An Encyclopaedia of Politics, Culture and the Law. MassachusettsABC-Clio.NHS (2017) Cannabis The Facts. online Availableat https//www.nhs.uk/Livewell/drugs/Pages/cannabis-facts.aspx (Accessed 2April. 2018).Office for NationalStatistics (2016) Alcohol-Specific Deathsin the UK registered 2016. online Available athttps//www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/alcoholrelateddeathsintheunitedkingdom/registeredin2016(Accessed 4 April. 2018). Office for NationalStatistics (2016) Deaths related to drugpoisoning in England and Wales 2016 registrations. online Available athttps//www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deaths relatedtodrugpoisoninginenglandandwales/2016registrationsdeaths-involving-selected-substances(Accessed 21 Apr. 2018)Royal College ofPsychiatrists (2018). Cannabis and mental health. online Available athttps//www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsdisorders/cannabis.aspx(Accessed 18 Apr. 2018).Talk to frank(2018). Ketamine FRANK. online Available athttp//www.talktofrank.com/drug/ketamine (Accessed 18 Apr. 2018).BibliographyAdler, J, N.,Colbert, J, A. (2013) medicinal Use of Marijuana. The New England Journal ofMedicine. online Available athttp//www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMclde1300970 (Accessed 2 April.2018).Browns, D. (2018). AMarxist review of Capitalism and Drug Use. online Redrave.blogspot.co.uk.Available at http//redrave.blogspot.co.uk/2014/06/a-marxist-review-of-capitalism-and-drug.html(Accessed 18 Apr. 2018).Cancer Research(2018). Cannabis oil?. online Available athttps//www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-chat/thread/cannabis-oil-4Accessed 31 Mar. 2018.Cannabis Social Club. (2018). UK CannabisLaw. online Available at http//ukcsc.co.uk/cannabis-law/ (Accessed 17Apr. 2018).Christie, L.(2013). Which of these drugs is themost addictive and harmful, marijuana, alcohol, ecstasy, cocaine, heroin, ormeth? online Available athttps//www.quora.com/Which-of-these-drugs-is-the-most-addictive-and-harmful-marijuana-alcohol-ecstasy-cocaine-heroin-or-meth(Accessed 17 Apr. 2018).McLeod, S. (2015). BiologicalPsychology Simply Psychology. online Simplypsychology.org. Availableat https//www.simplypsychology.org/biological-psychology.html (Accessed 23Apr. 2018).Peele, S. (2016). How Does Social Class Affect Drug Abuse? Articles Addictions HealthyPlace. HealthyPlace. Available at https//www.healthyplace.com/addictions/articles/how-does-social-class-affect-drug-abuse/ (Accessed 17 Apr. 2018). United PatientsGroup. (2016). What are the best and healthiest ways to consume medicalcannabis?. online Available athttps//unitedpatientsgroup.com/resources/methods-of- consumption (Accessed 17Apr. 2018).EvaluationTheessay introduction stated some clear figures of the trends of marijuana overthe last few years and determined who in society is most likely to consumemarijuana. On the contrary, the introduction failed to generate a definitive reply as to why young working-class boys are the biggest consumers of marijuana,due to the absence of primary research. However, links to sociological theoriessupported the results that young working-class boys are the biggest consumersof marijuana.Theresearch within the essay was obtained from a wide range of reputable sourceswith the most recent information available. As discussed, due to the absence ofprimary research there was not an opportunity to examine the reasons on a morepersonal level as to why young working-class boys choose to consume marijuana whenevidence portrayed from the UK government suggest that it can lead topsychological issues and can cause certain types of cancers. Thedata researched and p resented was analysed and evaluated where possible officialstatistics from legitimate sources are generally accepted as reliable andinformative in their own right. In addition, further relations to sociologicaltheories along with psychological theories strengthened the conclusions ofcertain studies. In comparison, due to the lack of reliable sufficient unbiasedresearch, there could have been further analysis into the governmentsrole. With the recent claims thatmarijuana has certain cancer killing properties along with many other healthbenefits, the government should be aiming to provide newly found definitiveanswers concerning the risks and gains of marijuana. Theconclusion acknowledged that the lack of reliable and thorough research intothe strengths and weaknesses of using marijuana has influenced the answer tothe question that it should be decriminalised and legalised on the grounds ofmedicinal use only if the benefits outweigh the risks. However, the conclusionis based only on t he research analysed within the essay. Due to a limited wordcount further research and analysis which may have had an influence on theoverall conclusion may have been missed. Thus, the conclusion is relevant tothe findings within the essay however, additional and future research may leadto a different prognosis.

Challenges And Opportunities That Social Media Networks Offer Media Essay

Ch exclusivelyenges And Opportunities That Social Media Networks Offer Media EssayTraditional media v/s sassy jump on mediaThe availability of digital media such as satellite and mobile phones, the digital television and most importantly the net income, as a means for dialogue makes Internet Marketing (IM) very different from the Conventional Marketing. McDonald and Wilson (1999) elaborately highlighted the key difference between handed-down media and new media. With particular emphasises on IM the authors proposed what they call The 6 Is of e- food selling mix. The authors posit that the relevance of the 6 Is argon twofold (i) they draw emphasis on the practical aspects of IM such as direct response and personalization and (ii) provide an perceptiveness of strategic issues such as restructuring of the industry and the changes in the integrated channel communications.The 6 Is of e-marketing mixInteractivityIn the case of traditional media the marketing message is predominate ly broadcasted from a company to its target audience, thereby implying the existence of a push factor. This surgical process of communication provides little scope for interaction with the customers. However, on the Internet, contact is initiated by the customer who, in most cases, is seeking information, implying the existence of a pull factor (Deighton, 1996).IntelligenceThe internet renders itself as a cost effective means of conducting market research. The internet is an especially useful tool in gathering information about customer perceptions about the product/ service.Individualism (Fig 1.14) pg 30As illustrated in the diagram above, new media forms allow marketing communications to be tailored to the individual that the message is meant for, un give care in the case of traditional media wherein communication is crowd together media and the same message is disseminated to its audiences. (Lasswell 1984, Katz and Lazarsfeld 1955)Further, the inherent feature of personalisati on that new media forms offer to marketers is an important building block in managing relationships with customers.Integration (diagram A New Marketing icon for Electronic Commerce)The conventional marketing communication model witnesses a fundamental alteration in the presence of a hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environment (CME) like the internet (Hoffman and Novak 1996). The internet enables an increased scope for an integrated marketing communication.The CME communication model provides a platform for consumers to interact with each other, the medium and the company itself. The most drastic departure from the traditional media is the opportunity for the consumers to generate content onto the medium. Hence, in the CME model the primary relationship is with the receiver and the CME, and not between the mailer and the receiver, which is the case in traditional media.( Hoffman, 1996)The active social occasion of the consumers makes it imperative for marketers to integrate their com munication messages.Industry restructuring.Concepts such as disintermediation and reintermediation (Chaffey et al, 2003) are important considerations for companies that operate in a CME.Disintermediation refers to the process of eliminating conventional intermediaries such as agents and brokers, who previously linked the company to its customers.Reintermediation is the process of creating new age intermediaries between the company and its customer, given the presence of the internet. These new age intermediaries are often referred to as cybermediaries (Shankar et al, 1996) and include virtual(prenominal)(prenominal) communities like forums, fan clubs and user groups, search engines like Google and Bing , virtual resellers like Amazon and eBay.Independence of emplacementThe internet provides the possibility of an increased reach of a companys marketing communications to the global audience. This stinkpot often translate into reaching international markets and audiences.Social media networks AN unveilingSocial media networks, though a relatively new terrain for most companies and brand managers had its humble beginnings when Open Diary was founded in 1950s with the intent to create a community of diary writers. A few years later, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis introduced Usenet, letting its users post articles to its groups. (Kaplan et al, 2010). Dating sites that enabled its users to create profiles and even update pictures and online forums, which were the more user amicable and sophisticated versions of BBSs (Bulletin Board Systems), are all building blocks of the social media networks as we know it today.With the passage of time and the technological developments that.SOCIAL MEDIA NETWORKS OPPOTUNTIES AND CHALLENGESSocial networking sitesSocial networking sites like face book, my space, twitter and orkut are platforms for Internet users to create individual profiles with personal information, make new friends and connect with old ones and even for business n etworking, in virtually cases.Users cease use certain applications which help them connect to each other through instant messaging and sending emails between each other, creating personalised profiles for themselves which can be admissioned by colleagues and friends etc. Such applications are known as Social networking sites. Personal profiles are highly specialised as they are suitable to the users needs. He/she can upload audio files, videos, blogs as well photos into the profile which can be shared to other friends. Facebook is considered to be the largest social networking site and it is provoke to note that it was originally founded by US based Mark Zuckerberg who wanted to stay in touch with his friends in Harvard Unviersity. Myspace is also another example of a social networking site which has over 250 million users worldwide.SNS are being used for market research with regard to netnography as well as creating brand communities by different companies. SNS have also been used especially well for promoting movies for example when film makers create a fan page of their movie which allows user to access information such as trailers, photos and download games for free. Similarly companies sponsoring football clubs have used SNS such as Myspace to allow fans to feel closer to the teams they support. Apart from marketing their products through SNS other companies go to the extent of using SNS as a distribution channel for their products for example 1-800- flowers a US based florist has allowed facebook users to send virtual flowers to whomsoever they desire or send the real ones by directing users to their company website.VIRTUAL WORLDSPlatforms which exhibit a 3 Dimensional environment through which personalised avatar forms of users can interact with each other similar to how they would in real life are known as virtual worlds. These virtual worlds could possibly be the best form of Social Media since they involve the maximum social presence of individu als rather than only some aspects of social life. There are two forms of Virtual Worlds.VIRTUAL GAME WORLDFirstly there are the virtual game worlds which involve users following strict rules through online role playing games (MMORPG). This has gained popularity and now even standard game consoles such as the Sony Playstation and the Microsoft X box allow multiplayer options to connect with users all over the world. A storied example of a widespread virtual gaming world is the World of Warcraft which has more than 8.5 million users as well as Sonys EverQuest. These games have become such an important part of lives for some people that they start replicating their online role playing character in real life. It is also possible to leverage the popularity of virtual games into traditional communication campaigns. A good example is when Toyota used figures from the World of Warcraft into one of its car advertisements.VIRTUAL SOCIAL WORLDSThe second form of virtual words is the virtual s ocial world which allows users to live a virtual life online. Similar to the virtual game worlds, virtual social worlds have users in the form of avatars all set in a 3D environment though there is one major difference which is the absence of strict rules to which users have to abide and develop by. This allows more room for freedom and self presentation and thus it has been slowly seen that users or residents of the realm bring several aspects of their real life into the online world. (Haenlein Kaplan, 2009 Kaplan Haenlein, 2009a, 2009b). A absolute example for virtual social worlds is the Second Life application which was created by Linden Research Inc. This virtual world allows day to day activities such as talking to other users, walking and even enjoying virtual sunshine. Attention to detail goes a step further due to the possibility of designing own garment and furniture as well as buying and selling goods for virtual money. These virtual social worlds allow a large range o f opportunities for marketers especially because they can get good market research virtually as well launch a product into the virtual market to see how it fairs.

Night Blindness :: essays research papers

Night Blindness is a genetic disorder in which the sufferer has ail seeing at wickedness. Two things cause this disorder in general. The first cause is a lack of vitamin A which helps articulate the retina and vision receptor cells. wad receptor cells consist of cones and rods, cones for bright light and rods for less light. When there is a vitamin A deficiency, the rod cells dont develop properly. The second cause is a genetic inheritance. Night blindness is a sex-linked disorder because the X-chromosome was found to be different than normal in people with the disorder.There are more vision-related effects this disorder potentiometer have on a person. In most cases, the person isnt completely blind in dark areas, scarcely sees things a lot darker than they really are. In other cases, it takes the persons eyes much longer than normal to adjust to different light settings. For example, if a person with night blindness suddenly has the lights turned off in front of them, it may be up to 10 minutes before they can see anything at all. Also, the same thing happens when going from dark to light. The sufferer will see extremely bright images when flooded with light after having alter their eyes to darkness.There are many treatments for night blindness that exist today. The most common treatment is taking vitamin A supplements to restore the vitamin A that helps develop and maintain the retina. Also, zinc supplements can be taken as well to further strengthen the retina. Physical forms of treatment include lasers, freezing, injection of gas into the eye, scleral buckling, and remotion of the gel inside the eye.This disorder is usually accompanied by myopia (nearsighted). About half of teenagers with myopia will develop some form of night blindness. These cases start out around the age of fifteen. Also, about 52% of women said they had trouble seeing at night during their last pregnancy.

Societys Reactions To Walden :: essays research papers

When Walden was published during the nineteenth century, the reactions of people were exceedingly different than they are of modern society. These reactions were towards every(prenominal) aspect of Thoreau and altered with every change in time. The foremost reactions toward Henry David Thoreau occurred when he went to live on his own at Walden Pond. As strange as it may seem, some critics think that Thoreaus choice to live at Walden Pond was simply because he was a hermit. However, his sheltered life was the result of his chum salmons death, which promoted Henry to go to Walden Pond (Life 1). Henry explains in Walden, I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived (Life 1). As any angiotensin-converting enzyme may obviously see, Thoreau did not choose a life on the syndicate simply because he was a hermit. He left his nearby town of Concord for the life at the pond on July 4, 1845, which was Independence Day (Life 1). By leaving for Walden on July 4th Independence Day, Henry would have spent his first full day at Walden Pond on the anniversary of his associates birthday (Life 1).Although many believe Henry was a recluse, Henry was no stranger to society while he lived at the pond (Life 1). As he himself said, I had more visitors while I lived in the woods than at any other period in my life I tight that I had some (Thoreau 119). These visitors Henry had at the pond included both his family and his friends, who he had, frequent dinners with (Life 1).The reactions of the people during Thoreaus time were very diverse, some were validatory while others were negative. John Burroughs was one of the few people who wrote frequently on Thoreau. He points out quite rightly that Thoreau was more interested in immanent philosophy than natural science (Harding 87). In later years he forgot that and devot ed most of his criticism to pointing out Thoreaus many errors in scientific identification of species, and thus lost the broader concept of Thoreaus work (Hendrick 87). Meanwhile, the reactions of Thoreaus neighbors werent all that bad. In Thoreaus Journal, Thoreau states, How I love the simple taciturn countrymen my neighbors who mind their own business and let me alone who never waylaid nor shot at me to my knowledge when I crossed their fields though each one has a gun in his house (Harding 47).